Immune defence against general flu may depend on the specific type of viral strain a person first came into contact within the early days of their life, according to a new study.
H1N1 is an influenza A virus related to the global pandemic that killed between 17 million and 50 million people in 1918. It returned in 2009 in a milder form, claiming about 284,000 lives according to estimates by the United States Centres for Disease Control and the World Health Organisation.
People infected by H1N1 in childhood could easily fend off an attack by H3N2, a different strain of influenza, according to a team led by Scott Hensley, associate professor of microbiology with the University of Pennsylvania.
But getting H3N2 first could not provide similar protection against H1N1.
H3N2 has been the dominant influenza strain in circulation on our planet over the past decade. It shares some similarities with H1N1, such as the ability to infect pigs. But there was a genetic gap between the viruses wide enough for scientists to put them in different groups.
Hensley and his team analysed data in health records and collected blood samples from volunteers with different infection histories to examine how their antibodies responded to various influenza types. They also conducted experiments on ferrets.
They found that the H1N1-induced protection against H3N2 remained robust across the board, but it was not the case when the sequence of infection was reversed.
Influenza viruses had some common codes in their genetic sequences. This led to some protein structures that could be recognised and remembered by the immune system for different strains.
Immune cells with such memory could generate a specific type of antibodies to target specific structures. If the viruses shared similar structures, why couldn’t an early H3N2 infection produce similar protection against H1N1?
H1N1 flu vaccine pictured in 2009, the year the influenza strain returned, claiming 284,000 lives. | Image source: Reuters
The scientists have no good answer to the question yet. One possible explanation, according to Hensley, could be the difference in antibodies that were generated by the immune system after different types of infections.
The H1N1-induced antibodies could “cross-react” with H3N2 while those of H3N2 presented a “mismatch” to H1N1, according to the paper.
The discovery added weight to the argument that children should have flu shots, according to the researchers. Most people got influenza naturally around the age of five, the time they went to school, and this limited their exposure to different species of the virus.
A flu shot usually contained strains from three different groups, including H1N1 and H3N2 variants that the WHO predicted would be dominant in circulation each season. In theory, this “cocktail” approach could boost general flu immunity.
Image source: iStock
But the exact effect “remains to be seen” because it would require a direct comparison between the vaccinated and general populations, said Hensley and his colleagues.
An epidemiologist with the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai said the flu virus mutates rapidly, its relatively unstable structure leading to constant changes in genes. Whether an H1N1 infection can provide broader protection requires more evidence.
“The mutation is so fast, even the same H3N2 strains can make people sick again and again with some small differences in their genes that occur every season,” said the scientist, who asked not to be named because of the academy’s media policy.
Whether a flu shot was effective “depends largely on luck”, she added.
This article originally appeared in the South China Morning Post (SCMP), the most authoritative voice reporting on China and Asia for more than a century. For more SCMP stories, please explore the SCMP app or visit the SCMP’s Facebook and Twitter pages. Copyright © 2020 South China Morning Post Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved.
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